There is a grand tradition at the annual Defcon security conference in Las Vegas of hacking ATMs. Unlocking them with safecracking techniques, rigging them to steal users' personal data and PINs, crafting and refining ATM malware and, of course, hacking them to spit out all their cash. Many of these projects targeted what are known as retail ATMs, freestanding devices like those you'd find at a gas station or a bar. But on Friday, independent researcher Matt Burch is presenting findings related to the “financial” or “enterprise” ATMs used in banks and other large institutions.
Burch is demonstrating six vulnerabilities in ATM-maker Diebold Nixdorf’s widely deployed security solution, known as Vynamic Security Suite (VSS). The vulnerabilities, which the company says have all been patched, could be exploited by attackers to bypass an unpatched ATM's hard drive encryption and take full control of the machine. And while there are fixes available for the bugs, Burch warns that, in practice, the patches may not be widely deployed, potentially leaving some ATMs and cash-out systems exposed.
“Vynamic Security Suite does a number of things—it has endpoint protection, USB filtering, delegated access, and much more,” Burch tells WIRED. “But the specific attack surface that I’m taking advantage of is the hard drive encryption module. And there are six vulnerabilities, because I would identify a path and files to exploit, and then I would report it to Diebold, they would patch that issue, and then I would find another way to achieve the same outcome. They’re relatively simplistic attacks.”
The vulnerabilities Burch found are all in VSS's functionality to turn on disk encryption for ATM hard drives. Burch says that most ATM manufacturers rely on Microsoft's BitLlocker Windows encryption for this purpose, but Diebold Nixdorf’s VSS uses a third-party integration to run an integrity check. The system is set up in a dual-boot configuration that has both Linux and Windows partitions. Before the operating system boots, the Linux partition runs a signature integrity check to validate that the ATM hasn't been compromised, and then boots it into Windows for normal operation.
“The problem is, in order to do all of that, they decrypt the system, which opens up the opportunity,” Burch says. “The core deficiency that I’m exploiting is that the Linux partition was not encrypted.”
Burch found that he could manipulate the location of critical system validation files to redirect code execution; in other words, grant himself control of the ATM.
Diebold Nixdorf spokesperson Michael Jacobsen tells WIRED that Burch first disclosed the findings to them in 2022 and that the company has been in touch with Burch about his Defcon talk. The company says that the vulnerabilities Burch is presenting were all addressed with patches in 2022. Burch notes, though, that as he went back to the company with new versions of the vulnerabilities over the past couple of years, his understanding is that the company continued to address some of the findings with patches in 2023. And Burch adds that he believes Diebold Nixdorf addressed the vulnerabilities on a more fundamental level in April with VSS version 4.4 that encrypts the Linux partition.
In spite of all of this, Burch says, it would probably still be possible to find a path to exploit similar vulnerabilities, but “it’s significantly harder now.” More importantly, though, he notes that it can involve significant infrastructure initiatives for large institutions to actually update enterprise ATMs and it's very possible that there are ATMs and cash-out systems that are still running old versions of VSS.
“We’re currently working to ensure our customers are up to date and using the current version appropriate for their environment,” Jacobsen tells WIRED. He added that Diebold Nixdorf's customers should not assume that implementing different disk encryption, like Microsoft BitLocker, would be feasible. “One of Matt’s recommendations for switching to an enterprise disk encryption product, especially Bitlocker, is vulnerable in our environments,” Jacobsen says. “A Bitlocker-encrypted machine can be compromised, and Microsoft will not address this, as the ATM use case is not in their scope.”
This may refer to ongoing, real-world attacks on ATM machines that use malware to steal cash from enterprise ATMs made by multiple manufacturers. These incidents illustrate that there are very real concerns about ATM vulnerabilities being exploited, even though most attacks require physically targeting ATMs and can't be carried out remotely.
“Doing the attack requires physical access where you open the top portion of the ATM, pull the hard drive out, and then patch the contents of the hard drive,” Burch says. “An unrehearsed execution would not be easy to do. But it's absolutely feasible if you know what you’re looking at. Similar attacks have been executed in under 10 minutes. Organized crime is presumably training people in how to do these attacks.”
As long as attackers are finding success and making money from ATM cash-out attacks, there will be Defcon talks about what the next frontiers of ATM hacking may look like.